QUANTUM-CASCADE LASERS IN ATMOSPHERIC OPTICAL COMMUNICATION LINES: CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS (Review)
Abstract
The paper provides analysis of parameters of prospective samples of atmospheric optical communication lines, or free space optics (FSO), based on quantum-cascade lasers (QCL) compared to existing commercial systems. The results indicate significant advantages of using QCL in FSO compared to existing systems, largely due to long-wave radiation and the feature of QCL modulation dynamics, which is limited by the picosecond lifetime of current carriers that provides a fundamental possibility of obtaining inherent bandwidth of >100 GHz. Possible applications of FSO based on IR QCL and terahertz QCL are discussed taking into account experimental data and unique properties of QCL radiation. The use of non-traditional methods to eliminate the influence of turbulence and increase the capacity of the information transmission channel is also discussed.
About the Authors
P. I. Abramov
JSC Polyus Research Institute of M. F. Stelmakh
Russian Federation
Moscow, 117342
Russian Federation
Moscow, 117342
A. S. Budarin
JSC Polyus Research Institute of M. F. Stelmakh
Russian Federation
Moscow, 117342
Russian Federation
Moscow, 117342
E. V. Kuznetzov
JSC Polyus Research Institute of M. F. Stelmakh
Russian Federation
Moscow, 117342
Russian Federation
Moscow, 117342
L. A. Skvortsov
JSC Polyus Research Institute of M. F. Stelmakh
Russian Federation
Moscow, 117342
Russian Federation
Moscow, 117342
References
1. R. Martini, E. A. Whittaker. In: Free-Space Laser Communications, Springer, New York (2005) 393—406
2. F. Capasso, C. Gmachl, R. Paiella, A. Tredicucci, A. L. Hutchinson, D. Sivco, J. Baillargeon, A. Y. Cho, H. C. Liu. IEEE J. Select. Top. Quantum Electron., 6, N 6 (2000) 931—947
3. A. Vats, H. Kaushal, V. K. Jain. Int. Conf. Telecommunication and Networking (TELNET 2013), Amity University, Noida, February 2013 (2013)
4. J. Mikołajczyk, Z. Bielecki, M. Bugajski, J. Piotrowski, J. Wojtas, W. Gawron, D. Szabra, A. Prokopiuk. Metrol. Measur. Syst., 24, N 4 (2017) 653—674
5. F. Capasso, R. Paiella, R. Martini, R. Colombelli, C. Gmachl, T. Myers, M. Taubman, R. Williams, C. Bethea, K. Unterrainer, H. Hwang, D. Sivco, Y. Cho, A. Sergent, C. Liu, E. Whittaker. IEEE J. Quantum Electron., 38, N 6 (2002) 511—532
6. J. Mikołajczyk. Int. J. Electron. Telecommun., 60, N 3 (2014) 259—264
7. S. M. Johnson, E. Dial, M. Razeghi. In: Quantum Sensing and Nano Electronics and Photonics XVII, Int. Soc. Opt. Photon., 11288 (2020) 1128814
8. V. W. Chan. J. Lightwave Technol., 24, N 12 (2006) 4750—4762
9. M. A. Khalighi, M. Uysal. IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor., 16, N 4 (2014) 2231—2258
10. D. M. Forin, G. Incerti, G. T. Beleffi, A. L. J. Teixeira, L. N. Costa, P. D. B. Andrè, B. Geiger, E. Leitgeb, F. Nadeem. Trends in Telecommunications Technologies, IntechOpen (2010) 257—296
11. M. Uysal, J. Li, M. Yu. Transact. Wireless Commun., 5, N 6 (2006) 1229—1233
12. H. Henniger, O. Wilfert. Radioengineering, 19 (2010) 2
13. M. Vitiello, G. Scalari, B. Williams, B. Natale. Opt. Express, 23, N 4 (2015) 5167—5182
14. M. Razeghi, Q. Lu, N. Bandyopadhyay, W. Zhou, D. Heydari, Y. Bai, S. Slivken. Opt. Express, 23, N 7 (2015) 8462—8475
15. R. Curl, F. Capasso, C. Gmachl, A. Kosterev, B. McManus, R. Lewicki, M. Pusharsky, G. Wysocki, F. Tittel. Chem. Phys. Lett., 487 (2010) 1—18
16. A. Lyakh, R. Maulini, A. Tsekoun, R. Go, C. Pflugl, L. Diehl, Q. Wang, F. Capasso, K. C. N. Patel. Appl. Phys. Lett., 95, N 14 (2009) 14113-1—14113-9
17. M. I. Amanti, G. Scalari, R. Terazzi, M. Fischer, M. Beck, J. Faist, A. Rudra, P. Gallo, E. Kapon. New J. Phys., 11, N 12 (2009) 125022—125041
18. J. Faist, D. Hofstetter, M. Beck, T. Aellen, M. Rochat, S. Blaser. IEEE J. Quantum Electron., 38, N 6 (2002) 533—546
19. A. Tredicucci, F. Capasso, C. Gmachl, D. Sivco, A. Hutchinson, A. Cho. Appl. Phys. Lett., 73, N 15 (1998) 2101—2103
20. J. Faist, M. Beck, T. Aellen, E. Gini. Appl. Phys. Lett., 78, N 2 (2001) 147—149
21. M. Belkin, F. Capasso. Phys. Scripta, 90, N 1 (2015) 118002-13
22. B. Williams, S. Kumar, Q. Hu, J. Reno. Electron. Lett., 42, N 2 (2006) 89—91
23. A. Lee, B. Williams, S. Kumar, Q. Hu, J. Reno. Opt. Lett., 7, N 35 (2010) 910—912
24. B. Williams. Nature Photon., 1, N 9 (2007) 517
25. П. И. Абрамов, Е. В. Кузнецов, Л. А. Скворцов. Опт. журн., 84, № 5 (2017) [P. I. Abramov, E. V. Kuznetsov, L. A. Skvortsov. J. Opt. Technol., 84, N 5 (2017) 331—341]
26. M. Dongdong, Z. Hongbo, Li Mingshan, Lin Weiran, Shen Zhaoguo, Zhang Jie, Fan Zhongwei. Infrared and Laser Engin., 47, N 11 (2018) 1105009
27. S. Li, Z. Wu, F. Wu, G. Zhou, X. Bi, C. An, Q. Liu, R. Yang, J. Wang, Yu Li, J. Cai, X. Yan. In: 14th Nat. Conf. Laser Technol. Optoelectron. (LTO 2019), Int. Soc. Opt. Photon., 11170 (2019) 111702Z
28. S. Slivken, M. Razeghi. In: Quantum Sensing and Nano Electronics and Photonics XVI, Int. Soc. Opt. Photon., 10926 (2019) 1092611
29. S. Li, R. Yang, F. Wu, G. Zhou, X. Bi, C. An, Q. Liu, J. Wang, Z. Wu, J. Cai, X. Yan. In: Semicond. Las. Applicat., IX, Int. Soc. Opt. Photon., 11182 (2019) 111820Y
30. F. Münzhuber, R. G. Speer. In: Technologies for Optical Countermeasures XV, Int. Soc. Opt. Photon., 10797 (2018) 107970M
31. G. D. Lewis, C. N. Santos, M. Vandewal. In: Technologies for Optical Countermeasures XVI, Int. Soc. Opt. Photon., 11161 (2019) 1116108
32. O. Spitz, A. Herdt, J. Wu, G. Maisons, M. Carras, C. W. Wong, F. Elsaesser, F. Grillot. In: Quantum Sensing and Nano Electronics and Photonics XVII, Int. Soc. Opt. Photon., 11288 (2020) 112880A
33. Л. А. Скворцов, Е. М. Максимов. Квант. электрон., 40, № 7 (2010) 565—578 [L. A. Skvortsov, E. M. Maksimov. Quantum Electron., 40, N 7 (2010) 565—578]
34. Л. А. Скворцов. Квант. электрон., 41, № 12 (2011) 1051—1060 [L. A. Skvortsov. Quantum Electron., 41, N 12 (2011) 1051—1060]
35. Л. А. Скворцов. Квант. электрон., 42, № 1 (2012) 1—11 [L. A. Skvortsov. Quantum Electron., 42, N 1 (2012) 1—11]
36. C. Bauer, U. Willer, W. Schade. Opt. Engin., 49, N 11 (2010) 111126
37. X. Chen, D. Guo, F. S. Choa, C. C. Wang, S. Trivedi, A. P. Snyder, G. Ru, J. Fan. Appl. Opt., 52, N 12 (2013) 2626—2632
38. A. Mukherjee, S. Von der Porten, C. K. N. Patel. Appl. Opt., 49, N 11 (2010) 2072—2078
39. C. A. Kendziora, R. Furstenberg, M. Papantonakis, V. Nguyen, J. Byers, R. McGill. Appl. Opt., 54, N 31 (2015) F129—F138
40. J. D. Suter, B. Bernacki, M. C. Phillips. Appl. Phys. B, 108, N 4 (2012) 965—974
41. П. И. Абрамов, Е. В. Кузнецов, Л. А. Скворцов, М. И. Скворцова. Журн. прикл. спектр., 86, № 1 (2019) 5—32 [P. I. Abramov, E. V. Kuznetsov, L. A. Skvortsov, M. I. Skvortsova. J. Appl. Spectr., 86, N 1 (2019) 1—26]
42. K. Hashimura, K. Ishii, K. Awazu. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 54, N 11 (2015) 112701
43. N. Masaki, S. Okazaki. Biomed. Opt. Express, 9, N 5 (2018) 2095—2103
44. K. Hashimura, K. Ishii, K. Awazu. Opt. Rev., 23, N 2 (2016) 299—306
45. M. J. Pilling, A. Henderson, P. Gardner. Analyt. Chem., 89, N 14 (2017) 7348—7355
46. K. Wörle, F. Seichter, A. Wilk, C. Armacost, T. Day, M. Godejohann, U. Wachter, J. Vogt, P. Radermacher, B. Mizaikoff. Analyt. Chem., 85, N 5 (2013) 2697—2702
47. A. Kosterev, G. Wysocki, Y. Bakhirkin, S. So, R. Lewicki, M. Fraser, F. Tittel, R. F. Curl. Appl. Phys. B, 90, N 2 (2008) 165—176
48. A. A. Kosterev, F. K. Tittel. IEEE J. Quantum Electron., 38, N 6 (2002) 582—591
49. R. F. Curl, F. Capasso, C. Gmachl, A. A. Kosterev, B. McManus, R. Lewicki, M. Pusharsky, G. Wisocki, F. K. Tittel. Chem. Phys. Lett., 487, N 1-3 (2010) 1—18
50. G. N. Rao, A. Karpf. Appl. Opt., 50, N 4 (2011) A100—A115
51. L. Zhang, G. Tian, J. Li, B. Yu. Appl. Spectr., 68, N 10 (2014) 1095—1107
52. G. Wysocki, Y. Bakhirkin, S. So, F. K. Tittel, C. J. Hill, R. Q. Yang, M. P. Fraser. Appl. Opt., 46, N 33 (2007) 8202—8210
53. B. A. Paldus, T. G. Spence, R. N. Zare, J. Oomens, F. J. M. Harren, D. H. Parker, C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, D. L. Sivco, J. N. Baillargeon, A. L. Hutchinson, A. Y. Cho. Opt. Lett., 24, N 3 (1999) 178—180
54. B. A. Paldus, C. C. Harb, T. G. Spence, R. N. Zare, C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, D. L. Sivco, J. N. Baillargeon, A. L. Hutchinson, A. Y. Cho. Opt. Lett., 25, N 9 (2000) 666—668
55. G. Wysocki, R. Lewicki, R. F. Curl, F. K. Tittel, L. Diehl, F. Capasso, M. Troccoli, G. Hofler, D. Bour, S. Corzine, R. Maulini, M. Giovannini, J. Faist. Appl. Phys. B, 92, N 3 (2008) 305—311
56. Y. Wang, M. G. Soskind, W. Wang, G. Wysocki. Appl. Phys. Lett., 104, N 3 (2014) 031114
57. L. Zhang, G. Tian, J. Li, B. Yu. Appl. Spectr., 68, N 10 (2014) 1095—1107
58. A. Schwaighofer, M. Brandstetter, B. Lendl. Chem. Soc. Rev., 46, N 19 (2017) 5903—5924
59. H. W. Hübers, R. Eichholz, S. G. Pavlov, H. Richter. J. Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves, 34, N 5-6 (2013) 325—341
60. B. Röben, X. Lü, K. Biermann, L. Schrottke, H. T. Grahn. J. Appl. Phys., 125, N 15 (2019) 151613
61. N. J. Galán-Freyle, M. L. Ospina-Castro, A. R. Medina-González, R. Villarreal-González, S. P. Hernández-Rivera, L. C. Pacheco-Londoño. Appl. Sci., 10, N 4 (2020) 1319
62. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Atmosfaerisk_spredning-ru.svg
63. K. J. Linden, W. R. Neal, J. Waldman, A. J. Gatesman, A. Danylov. In: 34th Applied Imagery and Pattern Recognition Workshop (AIPR'05) Washington, DC (2005) 8—14
64. C. P. Colvero, M. C. R. Cordeiro, J. P. von der Weid. Electron. Lett., 41, N 10 (2005) 610
65. E. Korevaar, I. Kim, B. McArthur. Proc. SPIE, 4873 (2002) 155
66. P. W. Kruse, L. D. McGlauchlin, R. B. McQuistan. Elements of Infrared Technology: Generation, transmission, and Detection, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1962)
67. E. J. McCartney. Optics of the Atmosphere Scattering by Molecules and Particles, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1976)
68. P. Corrigan, R. Martini, E. A. Whittaker, C. Bethea. Opt. Express, 17, N 6 (2009) 4355—4359
69. R. B. Stull. Atmospheric Sciences Library: An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology, Kluwer Academic Publishers (1988)
70. E. Luzhansky, F. S. Choa, S. Merritt, A. Yu, M. Krainak. In: Laser Radar Technology and Applications XX; and Atmospheric Propagation XII, 9465, Int. Soc. Opt. Photon., 2015, May (2015)
71. A. N. Zaki Rashed, H. A. Sharshar. Int. J. Adv. Res. Electron. Commun. Engin., 3 (2014) 261—272
72. G. P. Berman, A. A. Chumak, V. N. Gorshkov. Phys. Rev. E, 76, N 5 (2007) 056606-1—056606-7
73. F. Zocchi. Opt. Commun., 248 (2005) 359
74. Y. Wang, H. Xu, D. Li, R. Wang, C. Jin, X. Yin, S. Gao, Q. Mu, Li Xuan, Z. Cao. Sci. Rep., 8 (2018) 1124—1135
75. K. Kazaura, K. Omae, T. Suzuki, M. Matsumoto, T. Sato, K. Asatani, M. Hatori, T. Murakami, K. Takahashi, H. Matsumoto, K. Wakamori, Y. Arimoto, K. Wakamori. In: Free-Space Laser Communication Technologies XVIII, 6105, 61050N, Int. Soc. Opt. Photon., 2006, March (2006)
76. H. Willebrand, B. Ghuman. Free Space Optics: Enabling Optical Connectivity in Today’s Networks. Sams Publishing, Indianapolis, Indiana USA (2002)
77. M. Grabherr, M. Miller, R. Jäger, D. Wiedenmann, R. King. In: Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers VIII, 5364, 174—182, Int. Soc. Opt. Photonics, 2004, June (2004)
78. G. Soni, J. Malhotra. Int. J. Comput. Corporate Res., 1, N 4 (2011) 24—47
79. R. Martini, C. Bethea, F. Capasso, C. Gmachl, R. Paiella, E. A. Whittaker, C. Gmashl, R. Paiella, H. Y. Hwang, D. K. Sivco, J. N. Baillargeon, A. J. Cho. Electron. Lett., 38, N 4 (2002) 181—183
80. F. Capasso, R. Colombelli, R. Paiella, C. Gmachl, A. Tredicucci, D. L. Sivco, A. Y. Cho. Opt. Photon. News, 12 (2001) 41—46
81. F. Capasso, C. Gmachl, D. L. Sivco, A. Y. Cho. Phys. Today, 55 (2002) 34—40
82. J. Faist, F. Capasso, C. Sirtori, D. L. Sivco, A. Y. Cho. In: Quantum Cascade Lasers in Intersubband Transition in Quantum Wells: Physics and Device Application II, Eds. H. C. Liu and F. Capasso, New York, Academic, ch. VIII (2000)
83. C. Y. L. Cheung, K. A. Shore. J. Mod. Opt., 45 (1998) 1219—1221
84. D. M. Chate, T. S. Pranesha. J. Aerosol Sci., 35 (2004) 695—706
85. E. Luzhanskiy, F. S. Choa, S. Merritt, A. Yu, M. Krainak. Low Size, Weight and Power Concept for Mid-Wave Infrared Optical Communication Transceivers Based on Quantum Cascade Lasers, preprint, NASA (2015)
86. E. Luzhansky, F. S. Choa, S. Merritt, A. Yu, M. Krainak. In: Laser Radar Technology and Applications XX, and Atmospheric Propagation XII, 9465, 946512, Int. Soc. Opt. Photon., 2015, May (2015)
87. E. Luzhansky, F. S. Choa, S. Merritt, A. Yu, M. Krainak. In: Applications of Lasers for Sensing and Free Space Communications, JT5A-7, Opt. Soc. Am., 2015, June (2015)
88. S. Thomas. Proc. SPIE, 5490 (2004) 766
89. B. Moision, J. Hamkins. “Coded Modulation for the Deep-Space Optical Channel: Serially Concatenated Pulse-Position Modulation”, IPN Progress Report 42-161, May 15 (2005)
90. A. Rogalski. Prog. Quantum Electron., 27, N 2-3 (2003) 59—210
91. J. J. Fernandes, P. A. Watson, J. C. Neves. IEEE Commun. Mag., 32, N 8 (1994) 68—73
92. A. Rogalski, F. Sizov. Opto-Electron. Rev., 19, N 3 (2011) 346—404
93. J. Eckhardt. IEEE 802.15-19-0279-00-0thz, July 2019. [Online]. Available: https://mentor.ieee.org/802.15/dcn/19/15-19-0279-00-0thz-low-thz-band-propagation-measurements-forbeyond-5g-vehicular-communications.pdf
94. I. F. Akyildiz, C. Han, S. Nie. IEEE Commun. Magaz., 56, N 6 (2018) 102—108
95. P. D. Grant, S. R. Laframboise, R. Dudek, M. Graf, A. Bezinger, H. C. Liu. Electron. Lett., 45, N 18 (2009) 952—954
96. Z. Chen, Z. Y. Tan, Y. J. Han, R. Zhang, X. G. Guo, H. Li, J. C. Cao, H. C. Liu. Electron. Lett., 47, N 17 (2011) 1002—1004
97. H. Kanaya, R. Sogabe, T. Maekawa, S. Suzuki, M. Asada. J. Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves, 35, N 5 (2014) 425—431
98. H. Elayan, O. Amin, B. Shihada, R. M. Shubair, M. S. Alouini. IEEE Open J. Commun. Soc., 1 (2019) 1—32
99. S. Chinchali, A. Sharma, J. Harrison, A. Elhafsi, D. Kang, E. Pergament, E. Cidon, S. Katti, M. Pavone. Network Offloading Policies for Cloud Robotics: A Learning-based Approach, Feb. 2019, arXiv:1902.05703. [Online]. Available: https://arxiv.org/abs/1902.05703
100. G. Z. Yang, J. Bellingham, P. E. Dupont, P. Fischer, L. Floridi, R. Full, N. Jacobstein, M. McNutt, R. Merrifield, B. J. Nelson, B. Scassellati, M. Taddeo, R. Taylor, M. Z. Lin Wang, R. Wood. Sci. Robot., 3, N 14 (2018) 7650—7664
101. M. Chen, Y. Tian, G. Fortino, J. Zhang, I. Humar. Comput. Commun., 120 (2018) 58—70
102. Л. А. Скворцов. Журн. прикл. спектр., 81, № 5 (2014) 653—678 [L. A. Skvortsov. J. Appl. Spectr., 81, N 5 (2014) 725—749]
103. H. Aggrawal, P. Chen, M. Assefzadeh, B. Jamali, A. Babakhani. IEEE Microw. Mag., 17, N 12 (2016) 24—38
104. M. Tonouchi. Nature Photon., 1, N 2 (2007) 97—105
105. X.-F. Teng, Y.-T. Zhang, C.C.Y. Poon, P. Bonato. IEEE Rev. Biomed. Eng., 1, N 1 (2008) 62—74
106. D. M. Mittleman, R. H. Jacobsen, R. Neelamani, R. G. Baraniuk, M. C. Nuss. Appl. Phys. B, 67, N 3 (1998) 379—390
107. M. J. W. Rodwell, Y. Fang, J. Rode, J. Wu, B. Markman, S. T. Š. Brunelli, J. Klamkin, M. Urteaga. IEDM Tech. Dig. (2018) 14.3.1—14.3.4
108. D. M, Mittleman. Opt. Express, 26, N 8 (2018) 9417—9431
109. M. Aladsani, A. Alkhateeb, G. C. Trichopoulos. Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Acoust., Speech Signal Process (ICASSP), May 2019 (2019) 4539—4543
110. T. Rappaport, Y. Xing, G. R. MacCartney, A. F. Molisch Jr., E. Mellios, J. Zhang. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., 65, N 12 (2017) 6213—6230
111. I. F. Akyildiz, J. M. Jornet, C. Han. Phys. Commun., 1, N 12 (2014) 16—32
112. V. Petrov, D. Moltchanov, Y. Koucheryavy. Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Commun. (ICC), May 2016 (2016) 1—7
113. V. Petrov, A. Pyattaev, D. Moltchanov, Y. Koucheryavy. Proc. 8th Int. Congr. Ultra Modern Telecommun. Control Syst. Workshops (ICUMT), Oct. 2016 (2016) 183—190
114. S. Koenig, D. Lopez-Diaz, J. Antes, F. Boes, R. Henneberger, A. Leuther, A. Tessmann, R. Schmogrow, D. Hillerkuss, R. Palmer, T. Zwick, C. Koos, W. Freude, O. Ambacher, J. Leuthold, I. Kallfass. Nature Photon., 1, N 7 (2013) 977—981
115. T. S. Rappaport. 6G and beyond: Terahertz Communications and Sensing, 2019 Brooklyn 5G Summit Keynote, Apr. 2019. [Online]. Available: https://ieeetv.ieee.org/conference-highlights/keynote-tedrappaport-terahertz-communication-b5gs-2019?
116. M. Aladsani, A. Alkhateeb, G. C. Trichopoulos. Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Acoust., Speech Signal Process. (ICASSP), May 2019 (2019) 4539—4543
117. O. Kanhere, T. S. Rappaport. Proc. IEEE Global Commun. Conf., Dec. 2018 (2018) 206—212
118. C. Paterson. Phys. Rev. Lett., 94, N 15 (2005) 153901
119. G. A. Tyler, R. W. Boyd. Opt. Lett., 34, N 2 (2009) 142—144
120. N. Chandrasekaran, J. H. Shapiro. J. Lightwave. Technol., 32, N 6 (2014) 1075—1087
121. F. S. Roux, T. Wellens, V. N. Shatokhin. Phys. Rev. A, 92, N 1 (2015) 012326
122. H. Avetisyan, C. H. Monken. Opt. Express, 24, N 3 (2016) 2318—2335
123. C. Chen, H. Yang, S. Tong, Y. Lou. Opt. Express, 24, N 7 (2016) 6959—6975
124. N. D. Leonhard, V. N. Shatokhin, A. Buchleitner. Phys. Rev. A, 91, N 1 (2015) 012345
125. B. J. Pors, C. H. Monken, E. R. Eliel, J. P. Woerdman. Opt. Express, 19, N 7 (2011) 6671—6683
126. M. Malik, M. O’Sullivan, B. Rodenburg, M. Mirhosseini, J. Leach, M. P. Lavery, M. J. Padgett, R. W. Boyd. Opt. Express, 20, N 12 (2012) 13195—13200
127. A. H. Ibrahim, F. S. Roux, M. McLaren, T. Konrad, A. Forbes. Phys. Rev. A, 88, N 1 (2013) 012312
128. Y. Ren, H. Huang, G. Xie, N. Ahmed, Y. Yan, B. I. Erkmen, N. Chandrasekaran, M. P. J. Lavery, N. K. Steinhoff, M. Tur, S. Dolinar, M. Neifeld, M. J. Padgett, R. W. Boyd, J. H. Shapiro, A. E. Willner. Opt. Lett., 38, N 20 (2013) 4062—4065
129. B. Rodenburg, M. Mirhosseini, M. Malik, O. S. Magaña-Loaiza, M. Yanakas, L. Maher, N. K. Steinhoff, G. A. Tyler, R. W. Boyd. New J. Phys., 16, N 3 (2014) 033020
130. G. Xie, L. Li, Y. Ren, H. Huang, Y. Yan, N. Ahmed, Z. Zhao, M. P. J. Lavery, N. Ashrafi, S. Ashrafi, R. Bock, M. Tur, A. F. Molisch, A. E. Willner. Optica, 2, N 4 (2015) 3357—3365
131. Б. А. Князев, В. Г. Сербо. Успехи физ. наук, 188, № 5 (2018) 508—539 [B. A Knyazev, V. G. Serbo. Phys. Uspekhi, 61, N 5 (2018) 449—479]
132. L. Allen, M. W. Beijersbergen, R. J. C. Spreeuw, J. P. Woerdman. Phys. Rev. A, 45, N 11 (1992) 8185
133. M. Krenn, R. Fickler, M. Fink, J. Handsteiner, M. Malik, T. Scheidl, R. Urssin, A. Zeilinger. New J. Phys., 16, N 11 (2014) 113028
134. M. Krenn, J. Handsteiner, M. Fink, R. Fickler, R. Ursin, M. Malik, A. Zeilinger. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 113, N 48 (2016) 13648—13653
135. M. Krenn, J. Handsteiner, M. Fink, R. Fickler, A. Zeilinger. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 112, N 46 (2015) 14197—14201
136. C. F. Bohren, B. A. Albrecht. Atmospheric Thermodynamics, Oxford Univ Press, New York (1988)
137. G. Gibson, J. Courtial, M. Padgett, M. Vasnetsov, V. Pas’ko, S. Barnett, S. Franke-Arnold. Opt. Express, 12, N 22 (2004) 5448—5456
138. J. Wang, Yang Jeng-Yuan; I. M. Fazal, N. Ahmed, Y. Yan, H. Huang, Y. Ren, Y. Yue, S. Dolinar, M. Tur, A. E. Willner. Nature Photon., 6, N 7 (2012) 488—496
139. H. Huang, G. Xie, Y. Yan, N. Ahmed, Y. Ren, Y. Yue, D. Rogawski, M. J. Willner, B. I. Erkmen, K. M. Birnbaum, S. J. Dolinar, M. P. J. Lavery, M. J. Padgett, M. Tur, A. E. Willner. Opt. Lett., 39, N 2 (2014) 197—200
140. G. Milione, M. P. J. Lavery, H. Huang, Y. Ren, G. Xie, T. A. Nguyen, E. Karimi, L. Marrucci, D. A. Nolan, R. R. Alfano, A. E. Willner. Opt. Lett., 40, N 9 (2015) 1980—1983
141. A. E. Willner, H. Huang, Y. Yan, Y. Ren, N. Ahmed, G. Xie, C. Bao, Z. Zhao, L. Li, Y. Cao, J. Wang, M. P. J. Lavery, M. Tur, S. Ramachandram, A. F. Molisch, N. Ashrafi, S. Ashrafi. Adv. Opt. Photon., 7, N 1 (2015) 66—106
142. B. Thidé, F. Tamburini, H. Then, C. G. Someda, R. A. Ravanelli. arXiv:1410.4268 (2014)
Review
For citations:
Abramov P.I., Budarin A.S., Kuznetzov E.V., Skvortsov L.A. QUANTUM-CASCADE LASERS IN ATMOSPHERIC OPTICAL COMMUNICATION LINES: CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS (Review). Zhurnal Prikladnoii Spektroskopii. 2020;87(4):515-539. (In Russ.)
Views: 404
Email this article 