Development and Validation of an Eco-Friendly UV-Visible Spectrophotometric Method for Quantitative Estimation of Catechin Hydrate in Bulk Using Ethanol as a Green Solvent: a Sustainable Approach for Low-Income Country Settings

A cost-effective, environmentally friendly UV-visible spectrophotometric method for the quantitative determination of catechin hydrate in pure form using hydroalcoholic solution of 0.01% (v/v) ethanol has been developed and validated. The aim of the study was to develop a sustainable analytical instrument for use in quality control purposes in resource-poor environments. The method was validated as per ICH guidelines, and different validation parameters such as linearity, accuracy, precision, sensitivity, and robustness were investigated. It is found that the method possesses good linearity over the range of 2–20 µg/mL with R² = 0.9976 and λ_max = 278 nm. Good accuracy of the method was obtained by means of recovery experiments, as percentage recovery values varied between 99.39 and 99.48%. Precision of the method was ensured through an acceptable percentage relative standard deviation (%RSD). The LOD and LOQ values for catechin hydrate were determined to be 0.523 and 1.585 µg/mL, respectively. The solubility of catechin hydrate in the solvent system was 114.631 µg/mL, as tested. Environmentally, the overall sustainability of this method, as measured by the Analytical Greenness (AGREE) tool, scored 0.84, and it was highly aligned with the principles of green analytical chemistry. In general, the method proposed is suitable for routine pharmaceutical and nutraceutical quality control analysis.

1. M. Chem, A. Samanta, B. Bandyopadhyay, N. Das, Med. Chem. (Los Angeles), An Open Access J., 6, No. 6, 399 (2016).

2. S. L. Yan, Q. Z. Wang, G. H. Peng, Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr., 60, No. 5, 432–438 (2009).

3. S. Wangkarn, K. Grudpan, C. Khanongnuch, T. Pattananandecha, S. Apichai, C. Saenjum, Molecules, 26, No. 19, 6052 (2021).

4. B. Bai, D. Shen, S. Meng, Y. Guo, B. Feng, T. Bo, et al., Molecules, 29, No. 10, 2344 (2024).

5. X. Miao, Y. Zhao, P. Luo, D. Ye, C. Xie, L. Tang, et al., J. Food Biochem., No. 1, 1214060 (2025).

6. S. M. Tahari, A. Larki, M. Shakourian-Fard, G. Kamath, Microchem. J., 208, 112512 (2025), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2024.112512

7. J. A. Custodio-Mendoza, P. Pokorski, H. Aktaş, et al., J. Sep. Sci., 47, e202400142 (2024).

8. P. Svoboda, H. Vlčková, L. Nováková, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 114, 62–70 (2015).

9. D. Zhao, B. Yuan, E. Carry, G. M. Pasinetti, L. Ho, J. Faith, et al., J. Chromatogr. B: Anal. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci., 1099, 34–45 (2018).

10. J. Cuevas-Valenzuela, Á. González-Rojas, J. Wisniak, A. Apelblat, J. R. Pérez-Correa, Fluid Phase Equilib., 382, 279–285 (2014). 728-9

11. O. Yu. Maslov, M. A. Komisarenko, Y. S. Kolisnyk, T. A. Kostina, J. Org. Pharm. Chem., 19, No. 3, 28–33 (2021).

12. Anmol, S. Thakur, A. Bhardwaj, S. Awasthi, A. Shrivastav, P. Kumar, M. Sharma, U. Sharma, J. Food Compos. Anal., 153, 109031 (2026).'

13. E. Sholichah, D. Desnilasari, M. A. Karim, A. Putra, B. Purwono, AIP Conf. Proc., 2493, No. 1 (2022).

14. M. Kumar, Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Med., 2, No. 4, 94–101 (2024).

15. T. Marew, A. Belete, F. J. Richmond, T. Gebre-Mariam, Ther. Innov. Regul. Sci., 59, No. 2, 379–396 (2025).'

16. D. G. Mohamed, M. M. Abdelrahman, A. B. Ahmed, M. A. Magdy, Sci. Rep., 16, 9687 (2026).

17. K. Komal Pawar, Syed Shoaib Ali, Chetan M. Jain, Karna B. Khavane, GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sci., 32, No. 1, 1–6 (2025).

18. K. Malhotra, K. Nagpal, J. Appl. Spectrosc., 92, No. 4, 897–906 (2025).

19. S. Dixit, K. Aggarwal, K. Nagpal, J. Appl. Spectrosc., 92, No. 1, 183–190 (2025).

20. N. Srivastava, A. Bansal, K. Aggarwal, K. Nagpal, J. Appl. Spectrosc., 91, No. 3, 700–708 (2024).

21. A. Bansal, N. Srivastava, K. Nagpal, J. Appl. Spectrosc., 89, No. 1, 150–158 (2022).

22. F. Pena-Pereira, W. Wojnowski, M. Tobiszewski, Anal. Chem., 92, No. 14, 10076–10082 (2020).

23. A. Gałuszka, Z. Migaszewski, J. Namieśnik, TrAC – Trends Analytical Chemistry, 50, 78–84 (2013).

24. C. J. Clarke, W. C. Tu, O. Levers, A. Bröhl, J. P. Hallett, Chem Rev., 118, No. 2, 747–800 (2018).

25. P. Muthulingam, D. G. Popovich, P. A. N. Punyasiri, C. M. Nanayakkara, C. H. Mesarich, A. Rashidinejad, J. Food Compos. Anal., 148, 108330 (2025).