Application of Amplitude-Pulse Modulated Fluorometry to Estimate the Effect of Volatile Organic Compounds and Benz(a)Pyrene on the Functional Activity of the Photosystem II in the Leaves of Reed Festuca Festuca Arundinacea Schreb

The mechanisms of action of toxic organic compounds (OС) (pentane, hexane, benzene, o-xylene, butyl acetate, and benzopyrene) on the reed fescue Festuca arundinacea Schreb., which is a common plant in the urban environment, were studied applying amplitude-pulse modulated fluorometry (PAM). To that end, the photochemical activity of photosystem II (PS II) was evaluated using the parameters of the kinetic curve of chlorophyll a (Chl a) fluorescence induction in vivo. A dose- and time-dependent reduction in the content of hydrophobic membrane-bound chlorophyll pigments was found along with simultaneous accumulation of chlorophyllide (Chldе), a phytol-free product of chlorophyll degradation, in the leaves. It was shown that the effective quantum yield of photochemical reactions of PS II (Y(II)) decreased mainly at high doses of toxic compounds, wherein the level of photochemical quenching of fluorescence (qP) did not change significantly. We found that the coefficient of non-photochemical quenching (qN) significantly increased to different degrees, depending on the type of the toxicant and time of its exposure. A high negative correlation was observed between changes in qN, which characterizes the thermal dissipation of the absorbed energy, and the content of membrane-bound phytol chlorophyll pigments and carotenoids. On the other hand, changes in qN positively correlated with the content of Chldе formed during the OC processing. It leads us to the conclusion that the thermal dissipation of the absorbed energy as a result of the action of OC is proportional to the degree of destruction of the pigment apparatus of chloroplasts. This is confirmed by a positive correlation between the value of qN and the content of Chldе possessing a photodynamic effect. Thus, the qN parameter can serve as a reliable test for the damaging effect of various toxic technogenic factors.

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